A solar cell is a photoelectric element that can convert energy, and its basic structure is formed by bonding P-type and N-type semiconductors. The most basic material of semiconductor is "silicon", which is non-conductive, but if different impurities are doped in the semiconductor, it can be made into P-type and N-type semiconductors, and then the P-type semiconductor has a hole (P-type semiconductor). The semiconductor lacks a negatively charged electron, which can be regarded as an extra positive charge), and the potential difference with the N-type semiconductor has an additional free electron to generate current, so when sunlight is irradiated, the light energy in the silicon atom will be irradiated. The electrons are excited to generate convection of electrons and holes. These electrons and holes are affected by the built-in potential and are attracted by the N-type and P-type semiconductors respectively, and then gather at the two ends. At this time, if the outside is connected with electrodes to form a loop, this is the principle of solar cell power generation.

To put it simply, the principle of solar photovoltaic power generation is to use solar cells to absorb sunlight with a wavelength of 0.4 μm to 1.1 μm (for silicon crystals) and directly convert light energy into electrical energy output.